Comprehensive Bridge Construction and Design -- 2

Foundation: The lowest part of the bridge, which transfers loads to the soil or rock. It may be shallow (spread footing) or deep (pile or caisson foundation).
Abutments: Structures located at both ends of the bridge that support the ends of the bridge deck and retain the approach embankment.
Piers: Vertical supports placed between the ends of the bridge to carry the loads from the superstructure.
Wing Walls: Extensions of the abutments that retain the earth beside the bridge approaches.
Bridge Deck (Slab): The surface on which traffic moves.
Girders or Beams: Longitudinal members that support the deck and transfer loads to the piers and abutments.
Trusses, Arches, or Cables (depending on bridge type): Primary load-carrying elements in different bridge designs.
Bearings: Devices placed between the superstructure and substructure to allow controlled movement caused by temperature changes, shrinkage, and live loads.
Parapets/Railings: Safety barriers provided along the edges of the bridge.