Remove WooCommerce Duplicate Prices Sitewide

Every product on my WooCommerce shop is showing two prices side-by-side in the catalog / archive views. The duplication is limited to the product listing pages; single-product pages, cart, and checkout still display prices correctly.

The issue started right after I installed a couple of new plugins, so I’m fairly sure a conflict or template override is at play. I haven’t touched the theme files or core WooCommerce code.

What I need from you
• Pinpoint the exact source of the duplicate price markup (plugin conflict, theme function, hook, or template override).
• Apply a clean fix that removes the extra price on all listing pages without hiding or altering legitimate pricing elsewhere.
• Document the change and keep it update-proof—ideally via a child-theme tweak or lightweight snippet rather than editing core/plugin files directly.
• Test on my staging site first, then push to production once verified.

Acceptance criteria
– Catalog pages display a single, correct price for every product.
– Single-product pages, cart, and checkout remain unaffected.
– No new PHP notices or console errors appear.
– A brief note explains what was changed and why, so I can maintain it after future plugin updates.

WooCommerce, PHP, and WordPress hook expertise are essential; familiarity with debugging tools like Query Monitor or Health Check & Troubleshooting will help you get to the root quickly. If you’re confident you can eliminate the duplicate prices cleanly, I’m ready to share site access and staging credentials so we can get this wrapped up.